Archaeologists and others working in the field of historic preservation benefit from better understanding and more inclusive interpretations of indigenous1 sites and places, including Traditional Cultural Places (TCPs)2 and cultural landscapes encountered during cultural resource surveys or research projects. While non-indigenous landscapes exist across the country and need to be considered as well, this information paper focuses on indigenous landscapes. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal agencies engaged in undertakings to identify and assess effects of their actions on historic properties, including indigenous landscapes considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.